This Element provides an opinionated survey of the ideal and non-ideal theory debate in political philosophy. It adopts a minimal conception of ideal theory as “theorizing that aims to characterize ideal or perfect justice” and then investigates four major questions. First, does ideal theory provide a benchmark for evaluating what is more just than what? Second, does it provide...(展开全部)

Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the more foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. However they become problematic when epistemologists address app...(展开全部)

Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the more foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. However they become problematic when epistemologists address app...(展开全部)

Made popular by John Rawls, ideal theory in political philosophy is concerned with putting preferences and interests to one side to achieve an impartial consensus and to arrive at a just society for all. In recent years, ideal theory has drawn increasing criticism for its idealised picture of political philosophy and its inability to account for the challenges posed by inequali...(展开全部)

Made popular by John Rawls, ideal theory in political philosophy is concerned with putting preferences and interests to one side to achieve an impartial consensus and to arrive at a just society for all. In recent years, ideal theory has drawn increasing criticism for its idealised picture of political philosophy and its inability to account for the challenges posed by inequali...(展开全部)

Originally conceived as a novel but then transformed into a play by Ayn Rand, Ideal is the story of beautiful but tormented actress Kay Gonda. Accused of murder, she is on the run, and she turns for help to six fans who have written letters to her, each telling her that she represents their ideal—a respectable family man, a far-left activist, a cynical artist, an evangelist, a ...(展开全部)

安·兰德（1905—1982），俄裔美国作家、哲学家。青年时代从苏联流亡美国，以其小说和哲学闻名于世。小说《源泉》（The Fountainhead）1943年出版后立即成为畅销书，并为她赢得了巨大的声誉，至今仍以每年超过10万册的数量再版。1957年《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》 （Atlas Shrugged）出版，成为美国历史上仅次于《圣经》的超级畅销书，被誉为对美国影响最大的10本书之一，全球累计销售近亿册。 安·兰德推崇理性，认为人的最高美德便是理性；她不顾传统舆论的偏见，力倡个人主义，认为不能使个人利益得到最大伸张的社会，就不是理想社会。她的客观主义哲学自20世纪50年代起风靡美国，影响了几代美国人，她本人也成为美国青年崇拜的偶像。 安·兰德一生著述百余种，根据她的生平拍摄的纪录片和故事片曾获奥斯卡奖。1982年安·兰德去世，此后美国创立了许多兰德书...(展开全部)

Originally conceived as a novel but then transformed into a play by Ayn Rand, Ideal is the story of beautiful but tormented actress Kay Gonda. Accused of murder, she is on the run, and she turns for help to six fans who have written letters to her, each telling her that she represents their ideal—a respectable family man, a far-left activist, a cynical artist, an evangelist, a ...(展开全部)

安·兰德（1905—1982），俄裔美国作家、哲学家。青年时代从苏联流亡美国，以其小说和哲学闻名于世。小说《源泉》（The Fountainhead）1943年出版后立即成为畅销书，并为她赢得了巨大的声誉，至今仍以每年超过10万册的数量再版。1957年《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》 （Atlas Shrugged）出版，成为美国历史上仅次于《圣经》的超级畅销书，被誉为对美国影响最大的10本书之一，全球累计销售近亿册。 安·兰德推崇理性，认为人的最高美德便是理性；她不顾传统舆论的偏见，力倡个人主义，认为不能使个人利益得到最大伸张的社会，就不是理想社会。她的客观主义哲学自20世纪50年代起风靡美国，影响了几代美国人，她本人也成为美国青年崇拜的偶像。 安·兰德一生著述百余种，根据她的生平拍摄的纪录片和故事片曾获奥斯卡奖。1982年安·兰德去世，此后美国创立了许多兰德书...(展开全部)

Angelica Nuzzo offers a comprehensive reconstruction of Kant's theory of sensibility in his three Critiques. By introducing the notion of "transcendental embodiment," Nuzzo proposes a new understanding of Kant's views on science, nature, morality, and art. She shows that the issue of human embodiment is coherently addressed and key to comprehending vexing issues in Kant's work ...(展开全部)